Glosario

Argon2

Argon2 Key Derivation Function

The winner of the Password Hashing Competition, designed to be memory-hard and resistant to GPU cracking attacks.

Certificate Pinning

TLS Certificate Pinning

A technique that associates a host with its expected certificate, preventing man-in-the-middle attacks with forged certificates.

Checksum

Checksum (verificación de integridad de datos)

Un valor calculado a partir de un bloque de datos usando un algoritmo específico que sirve como huella digital para verificar que los datos no han sido corrompidos o alterados durante el almacenamiento o la transmisión.

Clickjacking

UI Redress Attack

An attack that tricks users into clicking hidden elements by overlaying invisible frames on top of legitimate page content.

CSRF

Cross-Site Request Forgery

An attack tricking an authenticated user into submitting unintended requests to a web application.

CVE

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures

A standardized catalog of publicly known security vulnerabilities, each assigned a unique CVE-YYYY-NNNNN identifier.

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service

An attack that overwhelms a server or network with traffic from many distributed sources, making it unavailable to legitimate users.

Entropy

Password Entropy

A measure of randomness or unpredictability in a password, expressed in bits, indicating resistance to guessing.

PGP

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)

Un sistema de cifrado que utiliza una combinación de criptografía simétrica y asimétrica para proporcionar confidencialidad, autenticación e integridad para correos electrónicos, archivos y datos, basado en un modelo descentralizado de red de confianza.

TOTP

Time-based One-Time Password

A temporary passcode generated from a shared secret and the current time, used in two-factor authentication.

RSA

RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman)

Un algoritmo de cifrado asimétrico ampliamente utilizado, basado en la dificultad matemática de factorizar números primos grandes, que permite el intercambio seguro de claves, firmas digitales y comunicación cifrada sin compartir una clave secreta.

SSL/TLS

SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security)

Protocolos criptográficos que aseguran la comunicación por internet cifrando datos entre un cliente (navegador) y un servidor, autenticando la identidad del servidor y garantizando la integridad de los datos durante la transmisión.

Password Hashing

Hashing de contraseñas (almacenamiento seguro de credenciales)

El proceso de convertir una contraseña en texto plano en un valor hash de longitud fija e irreversible para su almacenamiento, asegurando que incluso si la base de datos se ve comprometida, las contraseñas originales no puedan recuperarse fácilmente.

QR Code

QR Code (Quick Response Code)

Un código de barras bidimensional compuesto por módulos cuadrados blancos y negros dispuestos en un patrón de cuadrícula que puede codificar texto, URLs, información de contacto u otros datos, legible por cámaras de smartphones y escáneres dedicados.

Steganography

Esteganografía (ocultación de datos)

La práctica de ocultar un mensaje o datos dentro de un archivo de apariencia ordinaria (como una imagen, pista de audio o vídeo) de modo que la existencia de la información oculta no sea evidente para observadores casuales.

HMAC

HMAC (Hash-Based Message Authentication Code)

Una construcción específica para crear un código de autenticación de mensajes utilizando una función hash criptográfica combinada con una clave secreta, verificando tanto la integridad de los datos como la autenticidad de un mensaje.

Key Derivation

Key Derivation Function

A function that derives one or more secret keys from a password or passphrase using a pseudorandom function.

Public Key

Public Key Cryptography

A cryptographic system using paired keys where the public key encrypts and only the private key can decrypt.

Salt

Cryptographic Salt

Random data added to a password before hashing to ensure identical passwords produce different hashes.

XSS

Cross-Site Scripting

An attack injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users, stealing data or session tokens.

OWASP Top 10

OWASP Top Ten Web Risks

A regularly updated list of the ten most critical web application security risks, published by the Open Web Application Security Project.

Command Injection

OS Command Injection

An attack passing arbitrary operating system commands through a vulnerable application to the host system.

Path Traversal

Directory Traversal Attack

Exploiting insufficient input validation to access files outside the intended directory using ../ sequences.

SQL Injection

SQL Injection Attack

Inserting malicious SQL code into application queries to access, modify, or delete database data.

Defense in Depth

Defense in Depth Strategy

A security approach using multiple layers of protection so that if one layer fails, others still provide defense.

Penetration Testing

Penetration Testing (Pentest)

Simulating real-world attacks against a system to identify security vulnerabilities before malicious actors do.

Threat Modeling

Security Threat Modeling

A structured process for identifying potential threats, attack vectors, and mitigations during system design.

Insecure Deserialization

A vulnerability where untrusted data is deserialized without validation, potentially enabling remote code execution.

SRI

Subresource Integrity

An HTML attribute providing a cryptographic hash to verify that fetched resources have not been tampered with.

XXE

XML External Entity Attack

An attack exploiting XML parsers to access local files, perform SSRF, or cause denial of service via entity expansion.

CORS Misconfiguration

CORS Security Misconfiguration

Overly permissive CORS headers allowing unauthorized origins to read sensitive API responses in the browser.

Sensitive Data Exposure

A vulnerability where applications fail to adequately protect sensitive data like passwords, tokens, or PII in transit or at rest.

HSTS

HTTP Strict Transport Security

An HTTP header instructing browsers to only connect via HTTPS, preventing protocol downgrade attacks.

Zero-Day

Zero-Day Vulnerability

A software vulnerability unknown to the vendor and without a patch, actively exploited before a fix is available.

SSRF

Server-Side Request Forgery

An attack making the server send requests to unintended internal or external resources on behalf of the attacker.

PKI

Public Key Infrastructure

A framework of certificate authorities, digital certificates, and key pairs that enables secure encrypted communication and identity verification.

RBAC

Role-Based Access Control

An authorization model that assigns permissions to roles rather than individual users, simplifying access management at scale.

WAF

Web Application Firewall

A security layer that filters HTTP traffic between a web application and the internet, blocking common attacks like SQL injection and XSS.

E2EE

End-to-End Encryption

A communication system where only the sender and recipient can read messages, with encryption keys never accessible to intermediary servers.

FIDO2

Fast Identity Online 2

An authentication standard enabling passwordless login through hardware security keys or biometrics using public key cryptography.

Nonce

Number Used Once

A random or sequential value used exactly once in cryptographic operations to prevent replay attacks and ensure message freshness.

Sandbox

Security Sandbox

An isolated execution environment that restricts a program's access to system resources, limiting the impact of malicious code.

SHA-256

SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit)

Una función hash criptográfica que produce un resumen fijo de 256 bits (32 bytes) a partir de cualquier entrada, ampliamente utilizada para verificación de integridad de datos, firmas digitales, blockchain y almacenamiento de contraseñas.

AES

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

El algoritmo de cifrado simétrico más utilizado, adoptado como estándar por el gobierno de EE. UU. (NIST) en 2001. AES cifra datos en bloques fijos de 128 bits usando claves de 128, 192 o 256 bits.

2FA

Two-Factor Authentication

A security process requiring two distinct forms of identification — typically a password and a code from a separate device.