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45 glossary terms

Glossário

Termos técnicos explicados — de formatos de arquivo a algoritmos de criptografia.

Argon2

Argon2 Key Derivation Function

The winner of the Password Hashing Competition, designed to be memory-hard and resistant to GPU cracking attacks.

Security

Certificate Pinning

TLS Certificate Pinning

A technique that associates a host with its expected certificate, preventing man-in-the-middle attacks with forged certificates.

Security

Checksum

Checksum (Código de Verificação de Integridade)

Um valor de tamanho fixo calculado a partir de um bloco de dados que serve como uma impressão digital para verificar a integridade dos dados — se algum bit for alterado, o checksum muda, indicando corrupção ou adulteração.

Security

Clickjacking

UI Redress Attack

An attack that tricks users into clicking hidden elements by overlaying invisible frames on top of legitimate page content.

Security

CSRF

Cross-Site Request Forgery

An attack tricking an authenticated user into submitting unintended requests to a web application.

Security

CVE

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures

A standardized catalog of publicly known security vulnerabilities, each assigned a unique CVE-YYYY-NNNNN identifier.

Security

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service

An attack that overwhelms a server or network with traffic from many distributed sources, making it unavailable to legitimate users.

Security

Entropy

Password Entropy

A measure of randomness or unpredictability in a password, expressed in bits, indicating resistance to guessing.

Security

PGP

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)

Uma estrutura de criptografia e assinatura que usa criptografia de chave pública para permitir que indivíduos enviem e-mails criptografados, assinem documentos e verifiquem identidades sem depender de uma autoridade central.

Security

TOTP

Time-based One-Time Password

A temporary passcode generated from a shared secret and the current time, used in two-factor authentication.

Security

RSA

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman)

Um algoritmo de criptografia assimétrica que usa um par de chaves matematicamente relacionadas — uma chave pública para criptografar e uma chave privada para descriptografar — permitindo comunicação segura sem troca prévia de segredos.

Security

SSL/TLS

SSL/TLS (Camada de Soquete Seguro / Segurança da Camada de Transporte)

Protocolos criptográficos que fornecem comunicações seguras sobre redes de computadores. TLS (o sucessor moderno do SSL) criptografa dados em trânsito entre clientes e servidores, prevenindo espionagem e adulteração.

Security

Steganography

Esteganografia (Ocultação de Dados)

A prática de ocultar informações secretas dentro de dados comuns e inocentes — como imagens, áudio ou vídeo — de modo que a própria existência da mensagem oculta seja indetectável a observadores casuais.

Security

Password Hashing

Hashing de Senhas (Armazenamento Seguro de Credenciais)

O processo de transformar senhas em texto simples em representações criptografadas irreversíveis que podem ser armazenadas com segurança, usando algoritmos deliberadamente lentos para tornar ataques de força bruta impraticáveis.

Security

QR Code

QR Code (Código de Resposta Rápida)

Um código de barras bidimensional que codifica dados como uma grade de módulos quadrados pretos e brancos, capaz de armazenar texto, URLs, informações de contato ou dados binários, e pode ser escaneado instantaneamente por qualquer câmera de smartphone.

Security

HMAC

HMAC (Código de Autenticação de Mensagem Baseado em Hash)

Um código de autenticação de mensagem que combina uma função hash criptográfica com uma chave secreta, verificando tanto a integridade dos dados quanto a autenticidade do remetente em uma única operação.

Security

Key Derivation

Key Derivation Function

A function that derives one or more secret keys from a password or passphrase using a pseudorandom function.

Security

Salt

Cryptographic Salt

Random data added to a password before hashing to ensure identical passwords produce different hashes.

Security

Public Key

Public Key Cryptography

A cryptographic system using paired keys where the public key encrypts and only the private key can decrypt.

Security

XSS

Cross-Site Scripting

An attack injecting malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users, stealing data or session tokens.

Security

OWASP Top 10

OWASP Top Ten Web Risks

A regularly updated list of the ten most critical web application security risks, published by the Open Web Application Security Project.

Security

SQL Injection

SQL Injection Attack

Inserting malicious SQL code into application queries to access, modify, or delete database data.

Security

Command Injection

OS Command Injection

An attack passing arbitrary operating system commands through a vulnerable application to the host system.

Security

Path Traversal

Directory Traversal Attack

Exploiting insufficient input validation to access files outside the intended directory using ../ sequences.

Security

Penetration Testing

Penetration Testing (Pentest)

Simulating real-world attacks against a system to identify security vulnerabilities before malicious actors do.

Security

Threat Modeling

Security Threat Modeling

A structured process for identifying potential threats, attack vectors, and mitigations during system design.

Security

Defense in Depth

Defense in Depth Strategy

A security approach using multiple layers of protection so that if one layer fails, others still provide defense.

Security

Insecure Deserialization

A vulnerability where untrusted data is deserialized without validation, potentially enabling remote code execution.

Security

XXE

XML External Entity Attack

An attack exploiting XML parsers to access local files, perform SSRF, or cause denial of service via entity expansion.

Security

SRI

Subresource Integrity

An HTML attribute providing a cryptographic hash to verify that fetched resources have not been tampered with.

Security

CORS Misconfiguration

CORS Security Misconfiguration

Overly permissive CORS headers allowing unauthorized origins to read sensitive API responses in the browser.

Security

Sensitive Data Exposure

A vulnerability where applications fail to adequately protect sensitive data like passwords, tokens, or PII in transit or at rest.

Security

HSTS

HTTP Strict Transport Security

An HTTP header instructing browsers to only connect via HTTPS, preventing protocol downgrade attacks.

Security

Zero-Day

Zero-Day Vulnerability

A software vulnerability unknown to the vendor and without a patch, actively exploited before a fix is available.

Security

SSRF

Server-Side Request Forgery

An attack making the server send requests to unintended internal or external resources on behalf of the attacker.

Security

RBAC

Role-Based Access Control

An authorization model that assigns permissions to roles rather than individual users, simplifying access management at scale.

Security

PKI

Public Key Infrastructure

A framework of certificate authorities, digital certificates, and key pairs that enables secure encrypted communication and identity verification.

Security

WAF

Web Application Firewall

A security layer that filters HTTP traffic between a web application and the internet, blocking common attacks like SQL injection and XSS.

Security

Nonce

Number Used Once

A random or sequential value used exactly once in cryptographic operations to prevent replay attacks and ensure message freshness.

Security

E2EE

End-to-End Encryption

A communication system where only the sender and recipient can read messages, with encryption keys never accessible to intermediary servers.

Security

FIDO2

Fast Identity Online 2

An authentication standard enabling passwordless login through hardware security keys or biometrics using public key cryptography.

Security

Sandbox

Security Sandbox

An isolated execution environment that restricts a program's access to system resources, limiting the impact of malicious code.

Security

SHA-256

SHA-256 (Algoritmo de Hash Seguro de 256 bits)

Uma função hash criptográfica que produz uma impressão digital de tamanho fixo de 256 bits (32 bytes) a partir de qualquer entrada, projetada para ser uma função unidirecional onde é computacionalmente inviável reverter o hash ao dado original.

Security

AES

AES (Padrão de Criptografia Avançada)

Um algoritmo de criptografia simétrica que protege dados usando a mesma chave secreta tanto para criptografia quanto para descriptografia, e é o padrão de criptografia mais amplamente utilizado no mundo.

Security

2FA

Two-Factor Authentication

A security process requiring two distinct forms of identification — typically a password and a code from a separate device.

Security